Perfil de parturientes correlacionado com o pré-natal e as características dos recém-nascidos em hospital da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre / Profile of parturient women correlated with prenatal care and characteristics of newborns at a hospital in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area

Introdução: A assistência à gestante no período que antecede o parto é determinante nos indicadores de saúde. O objetivo principal do estudo foi verificar o perfil das parturientes do Hospital Universitário de Canoas/RS e correlacionar com o número de consulta de pré-natal. Métodos: Desenvolvido um estudo transversal pela análise de prontuários do Alojamento Conjunto do Hospital Universitário de Canoas, com total de 413 parturientes e seus recém-nascidos. Resultados: A frequência de consultas de pré-natal não teve diferença significativa entre as faixas etárias e com a escolaridade. Em contrapartida, as pacientes que afirmaram ter companheiro tiveram mais consultas. As pacientes com mais de um filho frequentaram, na maior parte, menos de seis consultas de pré-natal. Discussão: Os parceiros se fazem necessários para a qualidade do pré-natal ­ benefícios para o casal e para cuidados com o filho. As mulheres que já deram a luz podem se considerar mais experientes; questiona-se a realização de exames e demais necessidades de cada gestação. A idade materna e a escolaridade não tiveram diferença significativa para o número de consultas, ao contrário do resultado de outros grandes estudos brasileiros. Além disso, existem locais na cidade que carecem de maior incentivo de continuidade do cuidado pré-natal. Conclusão: No presente estudo, a menor frequência de pré-natal estava associada a multíparas e sem companheiro. A detecção de sífilis sobressaiu-se, com média superior à do Rio Grande do Sul. Em vista dos expostos, a assistência pré-natal deve alcançar melhorias na cobertura de determinados grupos de parturientes.

Introduction: Pregnancy care in the period preceding delivery is a determinant of health indicators. The main objective of this study was to verify the profile of parturient women at Hospital Universitário de Canoas and to correlate it with the number of prenatal visits. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed through the analysis of medical records of the rooming-in unit of Hospital Universitário de Canoas, totaling 413 parturient women and their newborns. Results: The frequency or prenatal visits did not significantly differ between age groups and level of education. On the other hand, patients who reported having a partner had more prenatal visits. Most of the patients with more than one child attended less than 6 prenatal visits. Discussion: Support partners are necessary to the quality of prenatal care ­ providing benefits to the couple and childcare. Women who have given birth may consider themselves more experienced; examinations and other requirements of each pregnancy are questioned. Maternal age and education did not show significant differences regarding the number of visits, as opposed to results observed in other large Brazilian studies. Moreover, some areas of the city lack incentives to Estrepthe continuity of prenatal care. Conclusions: In this study, a lower frequency of prenatal visits was associated with multiparous women without a partner. The detection of syphilis was noteworthy, with a higher average than that of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In view of these results, prenatal care should reach better coverage among certain groups of parturient women.

Socioeconomic well-being in early adulthood among repeat versus one-time teenage mothers.

Teenage mothers are known to be at elevated risk for poor socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. However, little is known about the socioeconomic outcomes of mothers who bear multiple children during the teenage years (repeat teenage mothers) compared to one-time teenage mothers. This study examines socioeconomic outcomes in the mid- to late 20s of repeat teenage mothers compared to one-time teenage mothers in a national U.S. sample. Repeat teenage mothers were less likely to graduate high school and more likely to receive public assistance and experience material hardship than one-time teenage mothers in their mid- to late- 20s. Lower educational attainment plus the responsibility of caring for multiple children as a young mother may make it difficult for repeat teenage mothers to secure economic stability. Additional supports may be necessary to improve long-term socioeconomic outcomes of repeat teenage mothers.

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

Satisfação com a vida e status social subjetivo em atletas de futsal e futebol de campo / Satisfaction with life and subjective social status in athletes of indoor soccer and soccer / Satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo en jugadores de fútbol sala y defútbol

Resumo O objetivo foi verificar diferenças na satisfação com a vida e no status social subjetivo entre atletas de futebol e futsal e analisar possíveis relações entre essas variáveis. Participaram 142 atletas, do sexo masculino. Foram usadas a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo. Na análise dos dados usaram-se estatística descritiva, teste qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fischer, teste U de Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman. Os atletas de futsal mostraram-se mais satisfeitos com a vida e o status social subjetivo. A satisfação com a vida apresentou correlação positiva com as dimensões do status. Conclui-se que os atletas de futsal do universo investigado têm uma maior percepção de satisfação com a vida e o status social subjetivo em comparação com os de futebol.

Abstract The aim was to investigate differences in life satisfaction and subjective social status between soccer and indoor soccer athletes and analyze possible relationships between these variables. The study included 142 males athletes. Was used the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Was used descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Fisher exact test, U-Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation. Indoor soccer players were more satisfied with life and subjective social status. Satisfaction with life was positively correlated with all the dimensions that make up the subjective social status. It was concluded that the indoor soccer players have a greater sense of satisfaction with life and subjective social status when compared to soccer players.

Resumen El objetivo fue estudiar las diferencias en la satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo entre los jugadores de fútbol y de fútbol sala, y analizar las posibles relaciones entre estas variables. Participaron 142 jugadores de sexo masculino. Se utilizó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida y la Escala MacArthur del Nivel Social Subjetivo. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, la prueba de chi cuadrada, la prueba exacta de Fisher, la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Los jugadores de fútbol sala estaban más satisfechos con la vida y el nivel social. La satisfacción con la vida se correlacionó positivamente con el nivel social subjetivo. Se concluyó que los jugadores de fútbol sala tienen mayor sensación de satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo cuando se los compara con los de fútbol.

Desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad por VIH y tumores malignos en municipios del departamento de Valle del Cauca (Colombia), según indicadores económicos 2009-2013 / Social inequalities in HIV mortality and malignant tumours inmunicipalities in the Department of Valle del Cauca (Colombia), accordingto economic indicators 2009-2013

Objetivo: identificar las desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad por VIH y tumor maligno de próstata y útero en municipios de Valle del Cauca según variables socioeconómicas: necesidades básicas insatisfechas, NBI, y valor agregado municipal, VAM, en el periodo 2009 2013. Materiales y Métodos: estudio ecológico para medir desigualdades sociales en las mortalidades por causas de la lista de mortalidad 6/67 de la OMS, VIH tumor maligno de útero, y tumor maligno de próstata, en municipios del departamento de Valle del Cauca, en relación con las variables socio económicas NBI, y VAM. La medición de las desigualdades se realizó con el software Epidat 4.1 se calcularon tasas crudas y tasas ajustadas por sexo y edad con el método directo; y los índices de desigualdad acotado e índice de concentración. Resultados: la tasa más alta en relación a VIH fue de 1,627 en el año 2011 y en mujeres de 2,304 en el año 2012, en tumor maligno de próstata fue de 1,197 en el año 2009 y tumor maligno de útero 1,139 en 2010. Conclusión: los municipios con peores indicadores socioeconómicos tuvieron mayor desigualdad en la mortalidad por VIH y tumor maligno de próstata..(AU)

Objective: to identify the social inequalities in the mortality by HIV and malignant tumour of prostate and uterus in municipalities of Valle del Cauca according to socioeconomic variables: unsatisfied basic necessities, NBI, and municipal added value, VAM, in the period 2009-2013. Materials and methods: ecological study to measure social inequalities in mortalities due to the WHO mortality list 6/67, HIV malignant tumor of the uterus, and malignant prostate tumour, in municipalities in the Department of Valle del Cauca, in relation to the Socioeconomic variables NBI, and VAM. The measurement of inequalities was carried out withthe software Epidat 4.1 crude rates and rates adjusted by sex and age were calculated using the direct method; and the indices of delimited inequality and index of concentration. Results: the highest rate in relation to HIV was 1.627 in theyear 2011 and in females of 2.304 in the year 2012; in malignant prostate tumor was 1.197 in the year 2009 and malignant tumor of the uterus 1.139 in 2010 Conclusion: municipalities with the worst socioeconomic indicators had greater inequality in HIV mortality and malignant prostate tumor..(AU)

Self-perceived social status: its relation to aggression and personality traits in two Spanish speaking samples / Estatus social auto-percibido: su relación con la agresión y rasgos de personalidad en dos muestras hispano-hablantes

Abstract Dominance and prestige are two strategies to achieve status in humans. Dominance is the use of threat and aggression, and prestige is the pursuit of cultural achievement. This research presents a study carried out through self-report measures with two native Spanish speaking samples from Madrid (Spain) and San José (Costa Rica). Self-perceived dominance and prestige were correlated with dimensions of aggression and the big five personality traits. Results showed that a component that grouped different aggression subscales and agreeableness was the best predictor of dominance in samples of men and women of both countries. Prestige was mainly predicted by conscientiousness and extraversion in both samples and by low hostility and neuroticism but only in Spanish men.

Resumen Dominancia y prestigio se han propuesto como estrategias para alcanzar estatus en humanos. La dominancia es el uso de amenazas y agresión, y el prestigio es la búsqueda de logros culturales. Esta investigación fue llevada a cabo utilizando cuestionarios en muestras de habla hispana: Madrid (España) y San José (Costa Rica). La dominancia y el prestigio auto-percibidos fueron correlacionados con dimensiones de la agresión y los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad. Un componente que agrupó las subescalas de agresión y la afabilidad fue el mejor predictor de la dominancia en ambos sexos de ambos países. El prestigio fue predicho por la escrupulosidad y la extroversión en sendas muestras y por bajas puntuaciones en hostilidad y neuroticismo en hombres españoles.

Variables psicológicas comunes en la violencia escolar entre iguales y la violencia filio-parental: un estudio cualitativo / Psychological variables common in school violence between peers and filial-parental violence: a qualitative study / Variáveis psicológicas comuns na violência escolar entre iguais e a violência filio-parental: um estudo qualitativo

Resumen Objetivo: conocer de manera conjunta la influencia que, sobre la Violencia Escolar (VE) y la Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP), ejercen ciertos indicadores de ajuste individual (empatía y autoestima) y de tipo social (estatus social y relación con los iguales). Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con adolescentes, padres, profesorado y técnicos de centros de menores. Resultados: para la mayoría de los sujetos participantes, los acosadores/agresores de ambos estudios presentan baja autoestima y dificultades empáticas. Sin embargo, la VE proporciona estatus y aceptación social por parte del grupo de pares, mientras que la VFP genera rechazo, por lo que tiende a mantenerse oculta. Conclusiones: los agresores hacia los progenitores buscan la aceptación de los pares a través de conductas violentas en el entorno escolar, un aspecto que daría lugar a que coexistan al mismo tiempo las conductas de agresión en los ámbitos familiar y escolar.

Abstract Objective: getting to know jointly the influence exerted on School Violence ("Violencia Escolar "VE") and Filial-Parental Violence ("VFP") by certain indicators of both individual adjustment (empathy and self-esteem) and social type (social status and relationship with peers). Method: a qualitative study was carried out among probation centers/juvenile facility's adolescents, parents, teaching staff and technicians. Results: To most participants, bullies / aggressors in both studies reveal low self-esteem and empathic difficulties. However, VE provides them with some kind of status and social acceptance from their group of peers, while VFP generates rejection; therefore, it tends to be hidden. Conclusions: aggressors against parents seek the acceptance of peers through violent behaviors in the school environment, this being an aspect that would lead to the coexistence of aggressive conducts both within the family and in the school environment.

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer conjuntamente a influência que, na Violência Escolar (VE) e a Violência Filio-Parental (VFP), exercem determinados indicadores do ajuste individual (empatia e autoestima) e do tipo social (status social e relação com iguais). Método: um estudo qualitativo com adolescentes, pais, equipe de funcionários de ensino e técnicos dos centros dos menores foi realizado. Resultados: para a maioria dos mais dos sujeitos participantes, os acossadores/agressores de ambos os estudos apresentam baixa autoestima e dificuldades empáticas. Não obstante, a VE fornece o status e a aceitação social na parte do grupo dos pares, enquanto que VFP gera a rejeição, razão porque tende a permanecer oculta. Conclusões: os agressores para os progenitores procuram a aceitação dos pares através das condutas violentas no ambiente escolar, um aspecto que causa que as condutas da agressão coexistam ao mesmo tempo nos âmbitos familiar e escolar.

Escala de Macarthur de status social subjetivo: validade e associação com indicadores de posição socioeconômica no curso de vida - estudo longitudinal de saúde do adulto (ELSA-BRASIL) / Escala de Macarthur de status social subjetivo: validade e associação com indicadores de posição socioeconômica no curso de vida - estudo longitudinal de saúde do adulto (ELSA-BRASIL)

INTRODUCTION: The MacArthur scale of subjective social status (SSS), which combines verbal instruction and an image of a 10-steps ladder, aims to capture the common sense perception that an individual has about his/her own position in social hierarchies, in three different contexts: society, community and work. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a concurrent and face validity analysis of the MacArthur scale (Paper 1) and to investigate whether individuals who perceive themselves as having a low SSS in adult life, in the society context, were more exposed to low objective socioeconomic positions (SEP) in childhood and youth, after adjusting for current SEP. METHODS: The article 1 included 159 participants from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), from Minas Gerais Investigating Center, selected by convenience during the 2nd wave of interviews and examinations between 11/2012 and 02/2014. The MacArthur scale was compared with a Status scale, created for this study based on the cognitive metaphor theory, which used the same image of a ladder as an indicator of the status and a very similar but more direct instruction. The concurrent validity was examined by comparing the answers to both scales (MacArthur and Status) using weighted kappa statistics. The face validity was assessed by qualitative methods from corpus linguistics. Ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with differences of 1, or 2 or more steps in the choices made using the MacArthur and the Status ladders. In the paper 2, 15.105 participants from the base line of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) were included. Low SSS was in the society was defined by the choice of a step lower than 5 out of 10. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether exposures to low objective indicators of SEP in the childhood (maternal education), youth (occupational social class of the household head; occupational social class of the first job; nature of occupation of household head; nature of occupation in the first job) and adult life (current occupational social class; current nature of occupation; current education) increased the chances of being at low SSS. RESULTS: Agreement between the answers to the MacArthur and Status scales moderated in the society context (kw=0,55) and good in the community (kw=0,60) and work (kw=0,67). Face validity analysis showed that MacArthur scale captures beyond the classic socioeconomic indicators, encompassing elements from collective health, as home, transport, health, leisure, merit etc. Although individuals without college education (in the society context) and women (in the community ambience) had greater chances of differing by 1, or 2 or more steps from those with college education or who were women, qualitative differences were not identified by the corpus linguistics, suggesting that the MacArthur scale has good face validity. In paper 2, after adjustments, low SSS in adult life remained statistically associated with low SEP in all stages of the life course, being the magnitude of the associations strong in adult life, moderate in youth and weak in childhood, showing dose response gradients in all associations. CONCLUSION: The MacArthur scale seems to be a valid instrument to measure the SSS in the Brazilian sociocultural context, thus they can be used in studies of social inequality in health. In addition, results suggest that the scale may capture a summary of exposures and experiences of present and past SEP, both intra and intergenerational, allowing to expand the interpretations of findings of health inequalities based on the MacArthur scale.

INTRODUCTION: The MacArthur scale of subjective social status (SSS), which combines verbal instruction and an image of a 10-steps ladder, aims to capture the common sense perception that an individual has about his/her own position in social hierarchies, in three different contexts: society, community and work. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a concurrent and face validity analysis of the MacArthur scale (Paper 1) and to investigate whether individuals who perceive themselves as having a low SSS in adult life, in the society context, were more exposed to low objective socioeconomic positions (SEP) in childhood and youth, after adjusting for current SEP. METHODS: The article 1 included 159 participants from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), from Minas Gerais Investigating Center, selected by convenience during the 2nd wave of interviews and examinations between 11/2012 and 02/2014. The MacArthur scale was compared with a Status scale, created for this study based on the cognitive metaphor theory, which used the same image of a ladder as an indicator of the status and a very similar but more direct instruction. The concurrent validity was examined by comparing the answers to both scales (MacArthur and Status) using weighted kappa statistics. The face validity was assessed by qualitative methods from corpus linguistics. Ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with differences of 1, or 2 or more steps in the choices made using the MacArthur and the Status ladders. In the paper 2, 15.105 participants from the base line of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) were included. Low SSS was in the society was defined by the choice of a step lower than 5 out of 10. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether exposures to low objective indicators of SEP in the childhood (maternal education), youth (occupational social class of the household head; occupational social class of the first job; nature of occupation of household head; nature of occupation in the first job) and adult life (current occupational social class; current nature of occupation; current education) increased the chances of being at low SSS. RESULTS: Agreement between the answers to the MacArthur and Status scales moderated in the society context (kw=0,55) and good in the community (kw=0,60) and work (kw=0,67). Face validity analysis showed that MacArthur scale captures beyond the classic socioeconomic indicators, encompassing elements from collective health, as home, transport, health, leisure, merit etc. Although individuals without college education (in the society context) and women (in the community ambience) had greater chances of differing by 1, or 2 or more steps from those with college education or who were women, qualitative differences were not identified by the corpus linguistics, suggesting that the MacArthur scale has good face validity. In paper 2, after adjustments, low SSS in adult life remained statistically associated with low SEP in all stages of the life course, being the magnitude of the associations strong in adult life, moderate in youth and weak in childhood, showing dose response gradients in all associations. CONCLUSION: The MacArthur scale seems to be a valid instrument to measure the SSS in the Brazilian sociocultural context, thus they can be used in studies of social inequality in health. In addition, results suggest that the scale may capture a summary of exposures and experiences of present and past SEP, both intra and intergenerational, allowing to expand the interpretations of findings of health inequalities based on the MacArthur scale.